隨著人們生活水平和文化素質(zhì)的不斷提高，歷來(lái)為文人雅士所喜愛(ài)的古玩、字畫等藏品，越來(lái)越多地走進(jìn)尋常百姓家，我國(guó)各地古玩文物也日趨紅火。古玩又稱古董，其內(nèi)容包羅萬(wàn)象，五花八門，陶瓷、奇石、玉器、銅器、書畫、票據(jù)、老舊家具、今古錢幣、竹木根雕、古舊書籍、日用物品……總而言之，凡今天以前的東西，只要你覺(jué)得有意思收而藏之的，似乎都叫古玩，沒(méi)有一個(gè)特別的定義。茶余飯后，閑暇時(shí)節(jié)，或獨(dú)自一人，或邀上三兩知己好友，細(xì)細(xì)把玩品評(píng)，便可使人恍然間仿佛穿越了時(shí)空，遨游于歲月長(zhǎng)河中。
With the continuous improvement of people's living standards and cultural quality, antiques, calligraphy and painting and other collections, which have always been loved by literati and refined scholars, have increasingly entered ordinary people's homes, and the trade of antiques and cultural relics across China is becoming more and more popular. Antiques, also known as antiques, have a wide range of contents, including ceramics, rare stones, jade, bronze, calligraphy and painting, bills, old furniture, modern and ancient coins, bamboo and wood root carvings, ancient books, daily necessities... In a word, everything before today, as long as you feel you want to collect it and hide it, seems to be called antiques without a special definition. After dinner, in leisure time, or alone, or invite three or two close friends to play and comment carefully, you can make people suddenly seem to travel through time and space and roam in the long river of years.
如追溯歷史，自有文字記載的商周以來(lái)，玩古物一直是帝王、宦官、文人士大夫的文化傳統(tǒng)。這種傳統(tǒng)一直在延續(xù)了三千多年。直到清末民國(guó)，幾乎在任何一個(gè)有學(xué)問(wèn)、有身份、有地位的文人官員府第，墻上多多少少會(huì)掛上幾幅名人字畫，廳堂上多多少少會(huì)擺上一圈紅木桌椅，案幾上多多少少會(huì)供上一些陶瓷、玉雕、奇石作為擺設(shè)。
For example, tracing back to history, since the Shang and Zhou dynasties with written records, antiquities have always been the cultural tradition of emperors, eunuchs and literati. This tradition has continued in China for more than 3000 years. Until the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, in almost any literati official residence with knowledge, status and status, several celebrity calligraphy and paintings were hung on the wall, a circle of mahogany tables and chairs were placed in the hall, and some ceramics, jade carvings and strange stones were provided on the table.
古玩收藏已經(jīng)成為一種時(shí)尚。
Antique collection has become a fashion.
除了用墨汁，彩色顏料，傳統(tǒng)書畫工具還有毛筆、宣紙和朱砂等。
In addition to using ink and color pigments, traditional calligraphy and painting tools include brush, rice paper and cinnabar.
字畫在古玩中屬于特別嬌貴的一類。其貴在于它是純藝術(shù)品，一些名人字畫更是稀世之寶。由于書畫作品的材料都是纖維質(zhì)的紙張和絲絹，在紙張制作或字畫裝裱中又加入有動(dòng)物膠、淀粉、漿糊等酸性材料，這就使字畫品遇到潮濕、光和熱等，會(huì)發(fā)生霉變、蟲蛀、褪色變黃、老化發(fā)脆?？梢?jiàn)，掌握字畫的保養(yǎng)，對(duì)收藏字畫是非常有幫助。
Calligraphy and painting belong to a particularly delicate category in antiques. Its expensive is that it is a pure art, and some celebrity calligraphy and painting are rare treasures. Since the materials of calligraphy and painting works are fibrous paper and silk, acidic materials such as animal glue, starch and paste are added to the paper production or calligraphy and painting mounting, which will lead to mildew, moth eaten, fading, yellowing, aging and embrittlement when the calligraphy and painting works encounter moisture, light and heat. It can be seen that mastering the maintenance of calligraphy and painting is very helpful for collecting calligraphy and painting.
字畫的鑒定技巧和保養(yǎng)方法
Identification skills and maintenance methods of calligraphy and painting
收藏字畫時(shí)不要用手直接接觸作品，應(yīng)戴上手套，以免字畫被汗?jié)n污染和指甲劃破。欣賞字畫時(shí)要避免陽(yáng)光直射作品。字畫開卷閉卷不能過(guò)于用力。若出現(xiàn)折痕，可在字畫背面噴些水使其潤(rùn)濕，然后貼在玻璃上晾干或用低溫熨斗熨燙一下，折痕即可。
When collecting calligraphy and paintings, don't touch the works directly with your hands. You should wear gloves to prevent the calligraphy and paintings from being polluted by sweat and scratched by nails. When appreciating calligraphy and painting, avoid direct sunlight. The opening and closing of calligraphy and painting should not be too hard. If there is a crease, spray some water on the back of the calligraphy and painting to wet it, and then stick it on the glass to dry or iron it with a low-temperature iron.
字畫在存放時(shí)要注意防潮防光防塵。藏室要保持適宜的溫濕度。燈光的強(qiáng)度也要控制，字畫珍品需要放進(jìn)囊匣中置陰處保存，不要輕易見(jiàn)光。
When storing calligraphy and paintings, pay attention to moisture, light and dust prevention. Proper temperature and humidity shall be maintained in the storage room. The intensity of light should also be controlled. Calligraphy and painting treasures need to be put into the bag box and stored in the shade. Don't see light easily.
如果字畫被泥土、墨水、油脂等弄臟，要進(jìn)行清洗。一般情況下，只要用軟性的毛筆或刷子輕輕將不潔物干擦掉。如污斑嚴(yán)重，可局部濕洗，用棉花球或毛筆蘸些清洗劑，將污跡擦去，并隨時(shí)用吸墨紙吸掉液體，用清水蘸殘留的清洗劑，操作時(shí)要謹(jǐn)慎行事，以免損壞書畫。
If the calligraphy and painting are soiled by soil, ink, grease, etc., they should be cleaned. Under normal circumstances, just use a soft brush or brush to gently wipe away the dirt. If the stain is serious, it can be wet washed locally. Dip some cleaning agent with cotton ball or brush to wipe the stain off, and suck the liquid with blotting paper at any time. Dip the residual cleaning agent with clean water. Be careful during operation to avoid damaging calligraphy and painting.
為了防止字畫霉變蟲蛀，可進(jìn)行。一種方法是用、殺蟲劑進(jìn)行熏蒸，另一種是將防霉變的紙夾在書畫中，效果也很好。
In order to prevent moldy and moth eaten calligraphy and painting, it can be carried out. One method is fumigation with and insecticides, and the other is to clip mildew proof paper into calligraphy and painting, which also has a good effect.
字畫的畫面如出現(xiàn)蛀孔、裂縫或殘缺，可進(jìn)行嵌補(bǔ)。方法是將一張與舊字畫的質(zhì)地、顏色相近的修紙粘在要嵌補(bǔ)處，接口要均勻，晾干后用卵石反復(fù)平整，以不露修補(bǔ)痕跡。如果修紙與原字畫的紙色仍有反差，可用茶葉水或顏料潤(rùn)涂，力求色調(diào)和諧。用相同的筆墨、手法將畫面的缺筆接上補(bǔ)全。
If there are cavities, cracks or deformities in the picture of calligraphy and painting, it can be inlaid. The method is to stick a piece of repair paper similar to the texture and color of the old calligraphy and painting to the place to be inlaid and repaired, and the interface shall be uniform. After drying, it shall be leveled repeatedly with pebbles to avoid the repair trace. If there is still a contrast between the paper color of the repaired paper and the original calligraphy and painting, it can be moistened with tea water or pigment to strive for harmonious tone. Use the same pen, ink and technique to complete the missing pen of the picture.
鑒定工具
Identification tool
字畫鑒定僅僅憑借肉眼與經(jīng)驗(yàn)識(shí)別，其可靠性有很大的局限性，也存在困難并很難形成說(shuō)服力，尤其是在拍賣現(xiàn)場(chǎng)或研討會(huì)上;行業(yè)內(nèi)都通過(guò)輔助性的便攜式視頻顯微鏡來(lái)進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)識(shí)別! 如Anyty的MSA200\WM401TV等顯微鏡識(shí)別可把微小的東西放大，在100-200倍率左右就可很清晰看到宣紙的材質(zhì)、墨跡的深淺、印章的細(xì)節(jié)、力度等信息，在顯微鏡下一目了然，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的古畫、字畫愛(ài)好者，根據(jù)這些信息，就可判斷字畫的年代、出入及真?zhèn)巍?/div>
The identification of calligraphy and painting only depends on the naked eye and experience. Its reliability has great limitations, and it is difficult to form persuasion, especially at the auction site or seminar; The field identification is carried out through auxiliary portable video microscope in the industry! For example, any's msa200 \ wm401tv and other microscope recognition can magnify small things. At about 100-200 magnification, you can clearly see the material of rice paper, the depth of ink, the details and strength of seal and other information. It can be seen at a glance under the microscope. Experienced ancient painting and calligraphy lovers can judge the age, access and authenticity of calligraphy and painting according to these information.
也因便攜式視頻數(shù)碼顯微鏡的分享性比較強(qiáng)，適用于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)（拍賣會(huì)、客戶現(xiàn)場(chǎng)、朋友間的分享）;又可實(shí)時(shí)拍照攝像，可進(jìn)行對(duì)比存儲(chǔ);且便攜式數(shù)碼顯微鏡一般都有對(duì)比及測(cè)量功能，是輔助書畫的鑒定分析工具。
Also because the portable video digital microscope has strong sharing, it is suitable for on-site (auction, customer on-site, sharing among friends); It can also take pictures in real time, and can be compared and stored; And portable digital microscope generally has the functions of comparison and measurement. It is a tool to assist the identification and analysis of calligraphy and painting.
此外，比如說(shuō)印章或簽名、材質(zhì)、題跋、收藏印、著錄、裝裱等這些都是可用來(lái)鑒別書畫的輔助手段。印章是書畫的證明物，作者以此證明確為自己創(chuàng)作，而鑒賞家則以此表示自己的鑒別。若干件書畫作品常常使用同一印或幾印，不會(huì)每件作品都新刻一印，所以從印章的真?zhèn)蝸?lái)鑒別書畫的真?zhèn)危绕涫峭ㄟ^(guò)對(duì)數(shù)件作品印章的比較來(lái)鑒別，是有相當(dāng)根據(jù)的。材質(zhì)對(duì)書畫的鑒定也是非常重要的，不同的材質(zhì)有不同的特點(diǎn)，在不同的材質(zhì)上作書畫，會(huì)有不同的效果。尤其在國(guó)畫和油畫等大相徑庭的畫種中表現(xiàn)突出，即便在同一畫種內(nèi)部，材質(zhì)引起的差別也不小，而這種差別與作家的喜好以及當(dāng)時(shí)可取的便利條件有關(guān)。當(dāng)然除了這些以外，題跋、鑒藏印以及著錄也對(duì)鑒定書畫有一定的幫助。
In addition, for example, seal or signature, material, inscription and postscript, collection seal, recording, mounting and so on are all auxiliary means that can be used to identify calligraphy and painting. The seal is the proof of calligraphy and painting. The author uses it to prove that he created it for himself, while the connoisseur uses it to express his identification. Several calligraphy and painting works often use the same seal or several seals, and each work will not be engraved with a new seal. Therefore, it is quite reasonable to identify the authenticity of calligraphy and painting from the authenticity of seals, especially through the comparison of seals of several works. Material is also very important for the identification of calligraphy and painting. Different materials have different characteristics. Making calligraphy and painting on different materials will have different effects. Especially in Chinese painting and oil painting, which are quite different from each other. Even within the same painting, the difference caused by material is not small, and this difference is related to the writer's preferences and the desirable convenience at that time. Of course, in addition to these, inscriptions and postscripts, seal collection and recording are also helpful to the identification of calligraphy and painting.
鑒定技巧
Identification skills
（一）作品的時(shí)代風(fēng)格
（1） The style of the times
每一件書畫作品都有其時(shí)代風(fēng)格，這是與其所處時(shí)代的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生活習(xí)俗以及物質(zhì)條件緊密相關(guān)的.比如說(shuō)，山水畫在一開始時(shí)是不講究比例的，“人大于山，水不容泛”是它的時(shí)代特征。因此，早期的山水畫多攝取全形，而等到后來(lái)畫家知道只要按照比例就可以將大自然縮寫在畫幅中時(shí)，取景才開始向局部發(fā)展。
Every painting and calligraphy is closely related to its time, political and life style For example, landscape painting did not pay attention to proportion at the beginning. "People's Congress is on the mountain, and the water cannot be flooded" is its characteristic of the times. Therefore, the early landscape painting mostly absorbed the whole shape, and it was not until later that the painter knew that nature could be abbreviated in the painting frame according to proportion that the framing began to develop locally.
書法也是一樣。從文學(xué)方面來(lái)看，不論書寫的是詩(shī)是文、詞匯的運(yùn)用、事跡的敘述、思想感情的表達(dá)等，都能看出它的時(shí)代風(fēng)格。另外書札行款格式和書畫件幅也對(duì)鑒定書畫有一定的幫助
Calligraphy is the same. From the perspective of literature, we can see its style of the times whether it is writing poetry or literature, the use of vocabulary, the narration of deeds, the expression of thoughts and feelings, etc. In addition, the format of letters and lines and pieces of calligraphy and painting are also helpful to the identification of calligraphy and painting
（二）藝術(shù)家的個(gè)人風(fēng)格
（2） Artist's personal style
個(gè)人風(fēng)格通常要比時(shí)代風(fēng)格具體得多，藝術(shù)家的思想、性格、審美觀、習(xí)慣甚使用的工具都各有特點(diǎn)。作畫時(shí)的運(yùn)筆、線條、構(gòu)圖、人物相貌等無(wú)不反映出作者的個(gè)人風(fēng)格特征。尤其是鑒定近現(xiàn)代的作品，由干時(shí)代相近，個(gè)人風(fēng)格則尤其重要。“熟記畫家一百八，書法家九十八”說(shuō)的就是要了解歷史文化，熟記歷代著名書畫家的姓名、字、號(hào)、別號(hào)，以及他們的經(jīng)歷和他們字、畫的特征的道理。
Personal style is usually much more specific than the style of the times. Artists have their own characteristics in thought, character, aesthetics, habits and even tools. The pen movement, lines, composition and character appearance all reflect the author's personal style characteristics. In particular, the identification of modern works is similar to that of the dry era, and personal style is particularly important. "Memorize one hundred and eighty painters and ninety-eight calligraphers" means to understand history and culture, memorize the names, characters, numbers and nicknames of famous calligraphers and painters in previous dynasties, as well as their experience and the characteristics of their characters and paintings.
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2022-02-17 
作者：大雅堂美術(shù)館 
文章來(lái)源:http://hzzczj.com.cn/ 
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